Why did Lukács abandon the methodology of social transformation in History and Class Consciousness
卢卡奇何以抛弃了《历史与阶级意识》的社会变革方法论

摘要

《历史与阶级意识》被誉为“西方马克思主义的圣经”，但其在历史上的评价却极为复杂。从卢卡奇自己对该著作的评价来看，其呈现出前后截然矛盾的评价态度。但后世学者仍有对该著作评价颇高之人。梅洛-庞蒂就坚称该著作是西方马克思主义的开创性著作。因此，洞察《历史与阶级意识》的理论建树与理论短板就成为了一项焦点性十足的学术要务。要言之，《历史与阶级意识》所构建的“辩证-真理-行动”的社会变革理论，对鼓舞广大劳动者积极参与社会变革，推动社会主义事业前进具有一定积极意义。但同时，正像卢卡奇自己所承认的那样，这种社会变革方法论所带有的巨大的先验假设性特点，也是必须对其冷静审视且小心对待的。

Abstract

History and Class Consciousness has been hailed as the “Bible of Western Marxism,” yet its historical evaluation has been extremely complex. Judging from Lukács’s own assessments of the work, his evaluative stance toward it was marked by a stark contradiction between his earlier and later positions. Nevertheless, some later scholars have continued to hold the work in high esteem. Merleau-Ponty, for instance, insisted that it was a pioneering work of Western Marxism. Therefore, gaining insight into both the theoretical achievements and the theoretical shortcomings of History and Class Consciousness has become a scholarly task of central importance. In short, the theory of social transformation constructed in the work around “dialectic–truth–action” is of some positive significance in inspiring the broad working masses to actively participate in social transformation and in advancing the socialist cause. At the same time, as Lukács himself acknowledged, the immense a priori presuppositional character of this methodology of social transformation also means that it must be calmly scrutinized and carefully treated.