Journal of Modern Life Sciences Research
Journal of Modern Life Sciences Research. 2025; 6: (1) ; 10.12208/j.jlsr.20250004 .
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山东理工大学 山东淄博
*通讯作者： 刘艳,单位：山东理工大学 山东淄博；
线粒体作为真核细胞的能量代谢中心和关键信号枢纽，其功能完整性对维持细胞稳态至关重要。近年来，研究表明线粒体功能障碍远非仅是简单的能量供应不足，它涉及活性氧生成失衡、钙稳态失调、代谢重编程以及质量控制机制（如线粒体自噬、动力学）紊乱等多个层面，已成为众多疾病共同的核心病理生理环节。本综述系统梳理了线粒体功能障碍与各类疾病关系的最新研究进展。在代谢领域，功能障碍与胰岛素抵抗、2型糖尿病及昼夜节律紊乱密切相关；在神经系统，它与阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病以及精神障碍的因果关系日益明确；在免疫炎症方面，功能障碍深度参与类风湿关节炎、溃疡性结肠炎等自身免疫性疾病的发病。此外，其在心血管疾病、衰老相关疾病、肿瘤发生发展以及肾脏、胎盘相关疾病中的作用也得到深入揭示。本文还展望了针对线粒体的治疗策略，如线粒体靶向抗氧化剂、质量控制调节剂等，并指出未来研究在揭示组织特异性机制、开发精准干预手段方面面临的挑战与机遇。深入理解线粒体功能障碍在疾病中的作用，将为疾病防治提供新靶点和全新视角。
Mitochondria, as the energy metabolism center and key signaling hub of eukaryotic cells, play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis through their functional integrity. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction is far more than just a simple energy supply shortage; it involves multiple levels such as imbalanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, calcium homeostasis disruption, metabolic reprogramming, and dysregulation of quality control mechanisms (such as mitophagy and dynamics), becoming a core pathological physiological link in many diseases. This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress on the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and various diseases. In the field of metabolism, dysfunction is closely related to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and circadian rhythm disorders; in the nervous system, it is increasingly clear that it has a causal relationship with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease, as well as mental disorders; in immunity and inflammation, dysfunction is deeply involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. Additionally, its role in cardiovascular diseases, age-related diseases, tumor occurrence and development, as well as kidney and placenta-related diseases, has been thoroughly revealed. This paper also looks forward to treatment strategies targeting mitochondria, such as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and quality control regulators, and points out the challenges and opportunities for future research in revealing tissue-specific mechanisms and developing precise intervention methods. A deeper understanding of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in diseases will provide new targets and fresh perspectives for disease prevention and treatment.
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