Journal of Modern Life Sciences Research
Journal of Modern Life Sciences Research. 2025; 6: (1) ; 10.12208/j.jlsr.20250003 .
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武汉科技大学 湖北武汉
*通讯作者： 李飞,单位：武汉科技大学 湖北武汉；
合成生物学是21世纪初兴起的、融合了生物学、工程学、信息学等多学科的前沿交叉科学。其核心在于采用工程化的设计理念，对生物体进行有目的地设计、改造乃至从头合成，从而创建具有全新或增强功能的人工生命系统。近年来，随着基因编辑、基因组合成、计算建模等使能技术的突破性进展，合成生物学正从基础研究快速走向广泛应用。本文系统综述了该领域的最新研究进展，首先阐述了从特色底盘细胞开发（如烟草、聚球藻）到遗传密码扩展、无细胞系统、智能基因线路设计等关键技术突破；进而详细梳理了其在生物医药（如天然产物高效生产、新型疫苗与基因治疗载体开发）、工业农业（如二氧化碳负碳制造、高价值化学品生物合成、新型种质资源创制）以及环境保护等领域的革命性应用；最后，深入探讨了合成生物学在生物安全、伦理治理、产业化挑战等方面面临的关键问题，并对其未来发展趋势，特别是在推动可持续发展、构建生物经济新范式方面的广阔前景进行了展望。合成生物学不仅正在重塑传统生物技术产业，更有望为应对全球性的健康、能源、环境挑战提供全新的解决方案。
Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary frontier science that emerged in the early 21st century, integrating multiple disciplines such as biology, engineering, and informatics. Its core lies in adopting engineering design principles to purposefully design, modify, or even synthesize organisms from scratch, thereby creating artificial life systems with entirely new or enhanced functions. In recent years, with breakthrough advancements in enabling technologies such as gene editing, gene synthesis, and computational modeling, synthetic biology has rapidly transitioned from basic research to widespread applications. This article provides a systematic review of the latest research progress in this field, first elaborating on key technological breakthroughs ranging from the development of specialized chassis cells (e.g., tobacco, Synechococcus) to genetic code expansion, cell-free systems, and the design of intelligent gene circuits. It then thoroughly outlines the revolutionary applications of synthetic biology in various fields, including biomedicine (e.g., efficient natural product production, novel vaccine and gene therapy vector development), industrial agriculture (e.g., carbon-negative CO2 manufacturing, biosynthesis of high-value chemicals, creation of new germplasm resources), and environmental protection. Finally, it delves into the critical challenges synthetic biology faces in areas such as biosafety, ethical governance, and industrialization, while also outlining its future development trends, particularly in driving sustainable development and establishing a new paradigm for the bioeconomy. Synthetic biology is not only reshaping traditional biotechnology industries but also holds the promise of providing novel solutions to global challenges in health, energy, and the environment.
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