Physical Science and Technical Research
Physical Science and Technical Research. 2024; 4: (2) ; 10.12208/j.pstr.20240011 .
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河北工业大学 天津
*通讯作者： 赵佳,单位：河北工业大学 天津；
量子计算是一种遵循量子力学规律调控量子信息单元进行计算的新型计算模式，其核心利用量子比特的叠加、纠缠和干涉等特性，在处理特定问题时理论上可实现对经典计算的指数级加速，有望为密码学、材料设计、药物研发和人工智能等领域带来颠覆性变革。本文系统阐述了量子计算机的物理基础与近年来的实现技术进展。量子计算的物理实现依赖于能有效编码和操控量子比特的物理体系，主要包括超导电路、光学体系、离子阱、半导体量子点以及金刚石氮空位色心等。近年来，各技术路线均取得了显著突破：超导量子计算在比特数量、门保真度及互联技术上快速推进，多个研究团队已成功研制包含数百个量子比特的处理器，并实现了量子计算优越性的演示；光量子计算凭借高斯玻色采样等路径亦成功验证了量子优越性，且集成光学芯片技术发展迅速；离子阱体系则持续保持着高精度逻辑操作的标杆；而固态自旋体系在室温操作与兼容传统半导体工艺方面展现出独特优势。然而，迈向大规模容错量子计算仍面临退相干、高精度量子操控、量子纠错规模化等核心挑战。未来，量子计算的发展需要多学科交叉融合，通过在硬件性能、软件算法和工程化集成上的持续创新，最终实现通用量子计算机的宏伟目标。
Quantum computing is a new computing mode that regulates quantum information units to compute according to the laws of quantum mechanics. Its core uses the superposition, entanglement and interference characteristics of qubits to theoretically accelerate classical computing exponentially when dealing with specific problems, which is expected to bring subversive changes to cryptography, material design, drug research and development and artificial intelligence. In this paper, the physical basis of quantum computer and the progress of realization technology in recent years are systematically described. The physical realization of quantum computing depends on physical systems that can effectively encode and manipulate qubits, including superconducting circuits, optical systems, ion traps, semiconductor quantum dots and diamond nitrogen vacancy color centers. In recent years, remarkable breakthroughs have been made in various technical routes: superconducting quantum computing has been rapidly advanced in bit quantity, gate fidelity and interconnection technology, and several research teams have successfully developed processors containing hundreds of qubits, and realized the demonstration of quantum computing superiority; Optical quantum computing has also successfully verified quantum superiority by virtue of Gaussian boson sampling and other paths, and integrated optical chip technology has developed rapidly; Ion trap system continues to maintain the benchmark of high-precision logic operation; The solid-state spin system shows unique advantages in room temperature operation and compatibility with traditional semiconductor processes. However, towards large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing, there are still core challenges such as decoherence, high-precision quantum manipulation and quantum error correction scale. In the future, the development of quantum computing will require interdisciplinary integration, and through continuous innovation in hardware performance, software algorithms and engineering integration, the grand goal of general purpose quantum computers will be finally realized.
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